About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. //]]>. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. Chapter 11 Study Guide Flashcards | Quizlet Free blacks in the South faced each of the following limitations EXCEPT. You may unsubscribe at any time by clicking on the provided link on any marketing message. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Because of this perceived threat to southern society, Calhoun argued that states could nullify federal laws. What basic premise underlies his ideas? Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. The focus on a single industry that was profitable only to a small minority prevented industrial and commercial growth. He would become an insufferable burden to society. "The Slavery Apologists . If the South Had Won the Civil War, Slavery Could Have Lasted Until the 20th Century. Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. In his famous thanksgiving sermon in New Orleans in November 1860, the Presbyterian minister Benjamin Morgan Palmer (18181902) stated bluntly, "I throw off the yoke of this union as readily as did our ancestors the yoke of King George III, and for causes immeasurably stronger than those pleaded in their celebrated declaration" (Palmer 1860, p. 14). After several years of teaching, I transitioned into the world of educational consulting. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. Myths & Misunderstandings: The North and Slavery - American Civil War The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. The Confederate Constitution was adopted by the Confederacy in opposition to the Union and the United States Constitution. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines. Confederates feared the Emancipation Proclamation would lead to slave uprisings, an occurrence which even northerners did not desire. Why did most slaves typically prefer living and working on a plantation rather than a small farm? In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. What Are 5 Warning Signs That A Tornado May Occur? Identify the main proslavery arguments in the years prior to the Civil War. One article banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal. Even northern theologians agreed on the necessary subordination of women: Charles Hodge, who held an influential position at Princeton Theological Seminary, wrote We believe that the general good requires us to deprive the whole female sex of the right of self-government.. children who required constant supervision. By wars end, the Union had set up over 100 contraband camps in the South. He says slavery was a patriarchal institution So were polygamy & circumcision. Abolitionists were a divided group. The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. The prominent differences between the two were that the Confederate Constitution sought different guarantees of states rights and protected slavery as an institution. Won an exemption from the Mexican law prohibiting slavery. The sermon, in fact, has been widely credited with giving the moral and popular push to Louisiana's decision to secede from the Union. 1845 portrait by George Alexander Healy, defended states rights, especially the right of the southern states to protect slavery from a hostile northern majority. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Early abolition (article) | Khan Academy Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an immediatist, the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (183370), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. Published in 1994 They argued that inequality in society was inevitable. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? I have had my finger joints stripped of the skin in consequence of them (White 1911, p. 301). However, the date of retrieval is often important. A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would consider it as an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. The term Lost Cause was first used by Edward A . How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? American abolitionism laboured under the handicap that it threatened the harmony of North and South in the Union, and it also ran counter to the U.S. Constitution, which left the question of slavery to the individual states. The principle that a slave was property to be bought and sold. She was active in the Underground Railroad, the clandestine network of safe houses and abolitionists that helped escapees reach freedom in the North. It also showed enslavers willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests. It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. Recent post: Who Is The Catholic Bishop Of South Dakota? "The South: Her Peril and Her Duty." There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. In other words, Thornwell explains, slavery is simply part of the human condition that highlights human imperfections and that should make individuals work harder to tackle those imperfections. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). . did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? 4 (WINTER 2013), pp. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. . . Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? //APUSH Chapter 12 Flashcards | Quizlet Although most white Southerners did not own slaves, the majority supported the institution of slavery and benefited indirectly from the slave society. Anthropologists find evidence of it in nearly every continent and culture dating back to ancient times and even the Neolithic period of human development. If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be. . Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Abraham, the "father of faith," and all the patriarchs held slaves without God's disapproval (Gen. 21:9-10). For the most part, Southern ministers embraced (and often championed) the Southern cause. They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. Black female abolitionist. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. New York: Macmillan, 1987. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Which description best identifies how Christian slaveholders justified the enslavement of other human beings? Under the pressure of worldwide public opinion, slavery was completely abolished in its last remaining Latin American strongholds, Cuba and Brazil, in 188086 and 188388 respectively, and thus the enslavement of persons of African descent by legal regimes ceased to exist as a Western phenomenon. Can you think of a modern parallel to Fitzhughs argument? Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. Planters often broke up families and sold family members to distant plantations. How long would slavery have lasted if the South won? APUSH Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? no, by 1860, the majority of southern slaves had become Americanized. JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. Sold tons of land to newcomers. Sig= gave blacks a sense of purpose and greater self esteem. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Enslavers, he argued, took care of the ignorantin Fitzhughs argument, the enslaved persons of the South. Instead, they transformed the defeat into the action of a mysterious, yet all-wise Providence and as an opportunity to correct failings in personal piety.. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. The Economic Impact of Slavery Flashcards | Quizlet More important, from the point of view of the congregants, both black and white, is the message sent from Southern pulpits that protection was the watchword. Disquisition on Government advanced a profoundly anti-democratic argument. what did black abolitionist David Walker do? Why America's Battle Lines Matter | The New Republic This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. 1830s. The theory of polygenism codified racism, giving the notion of Black inferiority the lofty mantle of science. In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. Slave traders would march them South to sell them to buyers. Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. As the nation expanded in the 1830s and 1840s, the writings of abolitionistsa small but vocal group of northerners committed to ending slaveryreached a larger national audience. What does this image reveal about the methods of those who advocated polygenism? were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. Origins of the abolition movement Opposition to slavery started as a moral and religious movement centered on the belief that everyone was equal in the eyes of God. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. Must I pause to show how it has fashioned our modes of life, and determined all our habits of thought and feeling, and moulded the very type of our civilization? . I may say with truth, that in few countries so much is left to the share of the laborer, and so little exacted from him, or where there is more kind attention paid to him in sickness or infirmities of age. If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Defenders of the institution also lashed out directly at abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison for daring to call into question their way of life. How then can the hand of violence be laid upon it without involving our existence? Which description best describes the "task" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? His newspaper, the Liberator, was notorious. Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. The leaders of the movement copied some of their strategies from British activists who had turned public opinion against the slave trade and slavery. Why did southern states secede over slavery? Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Planters' sons chose military or law careers rather than going into trade. . If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. In the years leading up to the Civil War and through the war years, Southern ministers brought this concept into their pulpits, often using extreme language, such as referring to Northerners as "atheists" and "infidels" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). Washington, D.C. By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. One anonymous contributor to the Richmond-based Southern Literary Messenger, a magazine devoted to literature and the fine arts, wrote a piece for the June 1860 issue in which the claim was made that Northerners were themselves of an inferior stock, "wild, savage, bold, fond of freedom" (p. 404) and who, despite being deeply religious, "yet nearly approach infidelity [unbelief]." In the enjoyment of these rights, religion demands he should be protected. According to Christian the Virginia people were the abolitionists & the Northern people were pro-slavery. How were language and music important in the life of slaves? Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. (April 27, 2023). They argued that enslaved people had good living conditions. Calhouns idea of the concurrent majority found full expression in his 1850 essay Disquisition on Government. In this treatise, he wrote about government as a necessary means to ensure the preservation of society, since society existed to preserve and protect our race. If government grew hostile to society, then a concurrent majority had to take action, including forming a new government. 1830s. The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? Powerful southerners like South Carolinian John C. Calhounhighlighted laws like the Tariff of 1828 as evidence of the Norths desire to destroy the southern economy and, by extension, its culture. yes, some slaves found ways to sabotage their masters and stop working by working slowly, stealing, ruining equipment, letting animals escape, faking stupidity, etc. Calhoun then offered a moral defense of slavery by claiming it to be a more humane method of organizing labor than the conditions wage laborers faced in industrial cities in Europe and the northern United States. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The leader of the 1831 slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia, was. As abolitionism gathered strength, white Southerners repositioned themselves from an acceptance of slavery as a necessary evil to defending it as a positive good. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. By the necessary course of events, if left to themselves, we must become, finally, two people. . That it is inconsistent with a perfect statethat it is not absolutely a good, a blessingthe most strenuous defender of slavery ought not to permit himself to deny" (White 1911, p. 298). In 1833, the same year Britain outlawed slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society was established. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white race, and living in their midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition. . 1836 Battle between Texans and Mexicans in San Antonio. . These denominations rapid expansion in the South, however, meant abandoning this position in recognition that upwardly mobile members increasingly included slaveholders. Justification for slavery came with this growth and found its parallels in the biblical subordination of women. The first was their loyalty to the South and to the Southern way of life. Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. The Southern apologist were people from the southern parts of the united states who argued in favour of slavery. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. Rather than emphasize that slavery was a profitable labor system essential to the health of the southern economy, apologists turned to the Bible and history. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. Many Southerners compared their cause to that of the American Revolution of nearly a century earlier, and religious leaders eagerly helped popularize that notion. The Historian Behind Slavery Apologists Like Kanye West The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery? Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. Did the Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory? The Slavery Apologists | Encyclopedia.com JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. In what ways does Calhoun use legal arguments to defend the idea that Congress cannot interfere in the institution of slavery? Figure 1. . They were staunch supporters of slavery even though they rarely owned slaves. What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? to read John C. Calhouns Disquisition on Government. Why do you think he proposed the creation of a concurrent majority? The secession of the Southern states following Lincolns election led to the American Civil War (186165). . How did southern opinion about the morality of slavery change during the 1830s? Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? The negro is improvident; will not lay up in summer for the wants of winter; will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies of age. False The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent AND GUARANTEED slavery in Confederate territory. But a number of factors combined to give the movement increased momentum, particularly as abolitionisms cause became caught up in the undercurrents of sectionalism. Confederate constitution outlawed the African slave trade, supplying many Southern cotton plantations with slaves. Myth of the Lost Cause-America's Most Successful Propaganda - History to enact gradual voluntary emancipation for slaves. It declared that any property used by the Confederate military, including slaves, could be confiscated by Union forces. So popular was the sermon that afterwards two separate groups from his congregation wrote to him imploring him to publish it for widespread distribution. John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? She or he will best know the preferred format. Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. Slavery had been an important economic institution in the South from early colonial days, less so in the more industrialized North. Richmond, VA: Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1911. Its pages featured firsthand accounts of the horrors of slavery in the South and exposed, for many, the inhumane treatment of enslaved people on U.S. soil. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." . After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. They pushed for an immediate end to the enslavement of people. James Russell Lowell, whose emotional balance was cited by a biographer as proof that abolitionists need not have been unstable, urged, in contrast to Garrison, that the world must be healed by degrees. Also of importance was the work of free Blacks such as David Walker and Robert Forten and formerly enslaved persons such as Frederick Douglass, who had the clearest of all reasons to work for the cause but who shared some broader humanitarian motives with their white coworkers. APUSH CH 12 Flashcards | Quizlet Southerners, to justify the loss of some 260 thousand men, had to try to understand, from their perspective, why God slept while they fought. 1860; there were about 4 million slaves and 500,000 free blacks. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. Still, by the beginning of the nineteenth century a large number of Southerners in fact opposed slavery (Hudson 1987, p. 190). At the time of the Civil War, there were approximately ________ slaves in the South. The split between Northern and Southern religious leaders began well before the start of the Civil War.
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